What is any type of procedure or combination of procedures voluntarily used to resolve issues in controversy?

The correct answer, Alternative Disputes Resolution (ADR), encompasses a wide range of procedures used to resolve disputes without needing to resort to litigation. ADR includes techniques such as mediation, arbitration, and negotiation, all aimed at resolving conflicts in a more informal and often quicker manner than traditional court processes. The key aspect here is that ADR is voluntary, meaning that the parties involved choose to engage in this process to settle their disputes, often leading to outcomes that are mutually acceptable.

In contrast, the other methods listed are specific forms within the broader scope of ADR. Binding arbitration, for example, is a formal process where a neutral third party makes a decision that is legally binding on both parties. Mediation involves a facilitator who helps both parties reach a resolution but does not impose a binding decision. Negotiation is a direct discussion between the parties involved to come to an agreement without the need for third-party intervention, which can also be part of the ADR spectrum but does not encompass all types of procedures available under ADR. Thus, selecting ADR as the answer aptly captures the essence of voluntarily utilizing procedures to resolve conflicts.